Linear dichroism

July 2, 2009 by whyyoublog

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Linear dichroism (LD) is a spectroscopic technique that is primarily used to study the functionality and structure of molecules. LD can be defined as the difference in absorption of light polarized parallel and perpendicular to an orientation axis . LD measurements are based on the interaction between matter and light and thus are a form of electromagnetic spectroscopy. This effect has been applied across the EM spectrum, where different wavelengths of light can probe a host of chemical systems. The predominant use of LD currently is in the study of bio-macromolecules (e.g. DNA) as well as synthetic polymers.
Contents
1 Basic information
2 UV linear dichroism
3 Alignment methods
4 Associated techniques
5 References
6 External links
//
Basic information
Linear polarization
LD uses linearly polarized light, which is light that has been polarized in one direction only. This produces a wave, the electric field vector, which oscillates in only one plane, giving rise to a classic sinusoidal wave shape as the light travels through space. By using light parallel and perpendicular to the orientation direction it is possible to measure how much more energy is absorbed in one dimension of the molecule relative to the other, providing information to the experimentalist.
As light interacts with the molecule being investigated, should the molecule start absorbing the light then electron density inside the molecule will be shifted as the electron becomes photo-excited. This movement of charge is known as an electronic transition, the direction of which is called the electric transition polarisation. It is this property for which LD is a measurement.
The LD of an orientated molecule can be calculated using the following equation:-
LD = A?- A?
Where A? is the absorbance parallel to the orientation axis and A? is the absorbance perpendicular to the orientation axis.
Note that light of any wavelength can be used to generate an LD signal.
The LD signal generated therefore has two limits upon the signal that can be generated. For a chemical system whose electric transition is parallel to the orientation axis, the following equation can be written:
LD = A?- A? = A? > 0
For most chemical systems this represents an electric transition polarised across the length of the molecule (i.e. parallel to the orientation axis).
Alternatively, the electric transition polarisation can be found to be perfectly perpendicular to the orientation of the molecule, giving rise to the following equation:
LD = A?- A? = – A? < 0
This equation represents the LD signal recorded if the electric transition is polarised across the width of the molecule (i.e. perpendicular to the orientation axis) , which in the case of LD is the smaller of the two investigable axes.
LD can therefore be used in two ways. If the orientation of the molecules in flow is known, then the experimentalist can look at the direction of polarisation in the molecule (which gives an insight into the chemical structure of a molecule), or if the polarisation direction is known it can be used as a means of working out how orientated in flow a molecule is.
UV linear dichroism
UV LD is typically employed in the analysis of biological molecules, especially large, flexible, long molecules that prove difficult to structurally determine by such methods as NMR and X-ray diffraction.
DNA
DNA is almost ideally suited for UV LD detection. The molecule is very long and very thin, making it very easy to orientate in flow. This gives rise to a strong LD signal. DNA systems that have been studied using UV LD include DNA-enzyme complexes and DNA-ligand complexes, the formation of the latter being easily observable through kinetic experiments.
Fibrous protein
Fibrous proteins, such as proteins involved in Alzheimer disease and prion proteins fulfil the requirements for UV LD in that they are a class of long, thin molecules. In addition, cyto-skeletal proteins can also be measured using LD.
Membrane proteins
The insertion of membrane proteins into a lipid membrane has been monitored using LD, supplying the experimentalist with information about the orientation of the protein relative to the lipid membrane at different time points.
In addition, other types of molecule have been analysed by UV LD, including carbon nano-tubes and their associated ligand complexes.
Alignment methods
Couette flow
The Couette flow orientation system is the most widely used method of sample orientation for UV LD. It has a number of characteristics which make it highly suitable as a method of sample alignment. Couette flow is currently the only established means of orientating molecules in the solution phase. This method also requires only very small amounts of analysis sample ( 20 – 40 ?l) in…(and so on)

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Spare tire

July 2, 2009 by whyyoublog

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For the stomach fat, see Love handles.

A flat tire means the motorist has to use the spare tire

Dual sidemounted spare tires behind the front fenders on a 1931 Nash Ambassador

Temporary use “space-saver” spare tire mounted in the trunk of a 1970 AMC AMX with a single use air tank canister

Full size spare tire mounted in cargo space area of a 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee

Full size spare tire stowed in the engine bay of a Renault 14
A spare tire is an additional tire (or tyre – see spelling differences) carried in a motor vehicle as a replacement for one that goes flat, a blowout, or other emergency. Spare tire is generally a misnomer, as almost all vehicles actually carry an entire wheel as a spare, as fitting a tire to a wheel is very difficult without specialised equipment, and is not practical in an emergency. However, spare tires (Donut type) are not meant to be driven long distances or most of them maximum speed is only 50mph (80km/h).
Contents
1 History
2 Today
3 Spare Tire Storage
4 See also
5 Footnotes
6 External links
//
History
The early days of motor travel took place on primitive roads that were littered with stray horseshoe nails. Punctures (flat tires) were all-too-common and required the motorist to remove the wheel from the car, demount the tire, patch the inner tube, re-mount the tire, inflate the tire, and re-mount the wheel. The first to equip cars with a spare wheel-and-tire assembly were the Ramblers made by Thomas B. Jeffery Company. The Rambler’s interchangeable wheel and mounted spare tire meant the motorist could quickly exchange it for the flat one. The punctured tire could then be repaired at a more convenient time and place.
The pre-mounted spare tire and wheel combination proved so popular with motorists that carrying up to two spare tires became common. Automakers often equipped cars with one or dual sidemounts. The spares were mounted behind the front fenders as they blended into the running boards (a narrow footboard serving as a step beneath the doors).
In 1941, the U.S. government prohibited spare tires on new cars. Shortages of resources caused by World War II led to quotas and laws designed to force conservation, including rubber that was produced overseas and difficult to get. A similar ban was also implemented by the U.S. during the Korean War in 1951.
Today
Contemporary vehicles may come equipped with full-size spares, limited use minispares, or have run-flat capability.
The spare tire may be identical type and size to those on the vehicle. The spare may either be mounted on a plain steel rim or a matching road wheel as found on the vehicle. Among passenger vehicles, full-sized spares are usually provided for sport utility vehicles and light trucks, since a “limited use” spare would adversely affect such vehicles with higher centers of gravity. Due to the size of the full-sized spare, it is often mounted on the outside, such as the rear door of SUVs, and occasionally on the front hood.
Certain vehicles, especially non-luxury cars, are provided with a “limited use” spare tire, colloquially referred to as a “donut”, in an attempt to reduce cost, lower the vehicle’s weight, and/or to save on the space that would be needed for a full-size spare tire. The spare is usually mounted on a plain steel rim. Compared to a full-sized spare, the “donut” is often stored beneath the truck bed. They are typically smaller than the normal tires on the vehicle and can only be used for limited distances because of their short life expectancy and low speed rating. As well, due to the different size of a donut compared to regular wheel, electronic stability control and traction control systems will not operate properly and should be disabled until the original wheel is restored.
In some cases, automobiles may be equipped with run-flat tires and thus not require a separate spare tire. Other vehicles may carry a can of tire repair foam, to repair punctured tires in situ, although these often do not work in the case of larger punctures, and are useless in the event of a blow-out.
Latest technology used in Tire repair Kits is a water based latex-free Sealant repairing up to 10 mm punctures. It can be rinsed off with water, thereby enabling a permanent repair of the punctured tire. The Sealant is recommended also for run-flat tires due to the limited driving distance offered by the run-flat tire manufacturers.
Spare Tire Storage
Spare tires are often stored in a spare tire well – a recessed area in the trunk of a vehicle, usually in the center, where the spare tire is stored while not in use. In most cars, the spare tire is secured with a bolt and wing-nut style fastener. Usually a stiff sheet of cardboard lays on top of the spare tire well with the trunk carpet on top of it to hide…(and so on)

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Digital ticket

July 2, 2009 by whyyoublog

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A digital ticket is a virtual instance of a ticket which represents the digitalization of rights to claim goods or services.
Contents
1 Criteria
2 Lifecycle
2.1 Creation
2.2 Transfer
2.3 View
2.4 Redemption
3 Implementation
3.1 Account-based system
3.1.1 Storage
3.1.2 Authentication
3.1.3 Prevention of duplicate redemption
3.2 Smart card-based system
3.2.1 Storage
3.2.2 Authentication
3.2.3 Prevention of duplicate redemption
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Criteria
A digital ticket must fulfill the following criteria:
Secure (unable to alter or counterfeit)
Portable (physical independence)
Off-line capable
Wide acceptability (In order to have the ticket generally accepted, some level of trust is needed.)
User-friendly
In addition, another three requirements are also important for digital tickets, they are:
Viewable
The terms and description of the service should be objectively understood by both the service provider and consumer or owner, so the value of the ticket can be determined. Moreover, this is an essential property to trace the digital ticket.
State manageable
Tickets may also have a payment status, i.e., paid or unpaid, and/or reservation status, e.g., waiting list, reserved, or canceled. The status may be changed dynamically. In addition, the ticket ownership can be rewritten when the ticket is transferred. However, it is difficult to allow these changes while still guaranteeing security.
(De)Composable
Combining two or more tickets is sometimes required to obtain a service or one ticket may comprise several parts. For example, a travel ticket can comprise an accommodation ticket and a plane ticket or a car rent ticket.
Besides the criteria mentioned above, there are still several features that should be concerned, such as anonymity, transferability and repetitive usability.
Lifecycle
The ticket is first issued by the service provider or issuer. The ownership of a ticket may change after it was issued, by transferring the ticket. Either the issuer or owner of ticket might view the status of the ticket. Finally, it is redeemed by the current owner at the service provider.
Creation
From creator’s point of view, each digital ticket has certain structure, this could be expressed in a multilayer architecture depicted as follows:
Layer 1
Common ticket properties that do not depend on the ticket type:
Issuer
Promise (Details are given in upper layers)
Owner
Transferability
Number of times to be consumed
Valid period
View
Issuer’s signature on above
Layer 2
Ticket properties defined by each industry
Layer 3
Ticket properties defined by each issuing company or individual
Transfer
Depending on the purpose of the ticket, it may be transferred. During the transfer process, the ticket should be visible to both parties involved. After the transfer process is done, the ownership of ticket has changed. The history of transfer should be recorded in either the ticket itself or the central database.
View
Ability to view the ticket is important to both the service provider and the owner of the ticket. The owner needs to know what his ticket actually is and the service provider needs to verify the ticket during redemption. The view could be achieved by properly designed hardware.
Redemption
A digital ticket always has certain value that could be redeemed at service provider. Normally after redeeming, the ticket is cleaned. Some tickets work for a period, and will only be deleted after this period. In the special case when the ticket isn’t given away after redeeming, it is called a pass.
Implementation
In order to make an implementation of the digital ticket system, a combination of two paradigms can be used. The first is the account-based system, which relies on central storage and network connections. The second is the smartcard-based system, which uses decentralized storage to store and transfer the ticket.
Account-based system
In an account-based system for tickets the rights of the tickets are managed in accounts. Ticket changes in accounts can be made by communicating with a so called account manager through a network. The trust in these systems can be seen from the service provider’s and user’s perspective, in which the former generally manages the whole system. This leads to an imbalanced trust relationship. Two other disadvantages of these systems are the need for protection of accounts against malicious users and the relatively large efforts that need to be done to store all the accounts for both the users and the service provider.
Storage
…(and so on)

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Iris 3000 Videophone

July 2, 2009 by whyyoublog

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The Iris 3000 Videophone
The Iris 3000 is a videophone manufactured for ACN Inc. It features a 7-inch screen, an idle-time photo frame, and a standard phone jack to attach it to a cordless telephone for use throughout a home. It uses high-speed internet (DSL or Cable) to connect with the service provider’s network and thence to worldwide telephone systems.
Features
The IRIS 3000 can be used as a Digital Photo Frame when not in use (a setup option), using either a USB thumb drive or SD memory card as the picture source, and includes a built-in phone adapter to connect an audio-only analog or digital phone for house-wide service. It also has a video output jack (an RCA jack) so that images from the video phone can be shown on a larger screen such as a computer or TV. The service provides for video greetings and video mail for others with Iris 3000 videophones. The phone service also communicates with any other audio-only telephone, including voice greetings and voice mail.
Requirements
The phone requires that it be connected to true high-speed internet (DSL, Cable or Fiber) with at least 200 Kbs upload speed in order to function properly. It will not work on any speed of dialup. Possible to use on 3G or wifi but not supported by ACN.
References
^ “ACN IRIS 3000 Videophone & The State of the Videophone”. TMCNet Bloggers. May 2008. http://www.voip-voice-over-ip.com/news/voip/acn-iris-3000-videophone-the-state-videophone.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-25.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_3000_Videophone”(and so on)

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Ostrich leather

July 2, 2009 by whyyoublog

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Contents
1 A brief history
2 General description
3 Ostrich leather processing
4 Uses of ostrich leather
5 References
//
A brief history
The commercial farming of ostriches first began in the 1850s when pioneering farmers located in Oudtshoorn, South Africa, saw great economic potential in the harvesting of ostrich feathers. Horse drawn carriages made large, dramatic hats fashionable. Ostrich feathers are some of the most intricate and grandiose in the world so it only made sense to use them in this new rage. During this period of the late 19th and early 20th century, South African ostrich farmers made a fortune. However, the good times came to an end. Henry Ford began to mass-produce the automobile which made large stylish hats for women virtually obsolete. The onset of World War I put the final nail in the coffin of the ostrich feather industry. The same barons who were making a fortune soon found themselves on the verge of poverty. The future of the ostrich industry looked very grim indeed.
Over the next 50 years the entire industry bottomed out and maintained a minimal presence in the world. This status quo would not last, however. In 1945 the Klein Karoo region near Oudtshoorn set up a cooperative of farmers and speculators (“KKLK”) who would work together to build the ostrich industry. Eventually the demand for ostrich meat locally grew to a point where an abattoir was needed. In 1963/64 the world’s first ostrich abattoir was erected in Klein Karoo by the KKLK to supply dried and fresh ostrich meat locally.The marketing of ostrich skin started in 1969/1970 when a leather tannery was built near the abattoir. Prior to this, there is very little known about the tanning process of ostrich skin. Most likely, ostrich skins were sent from the abattoir to tanneries in England and then sold to fashion houses. It appears that a group of South African entrepreneurs set out earlier in the 1960s in search of ways to tan ostrich skin. will give anything to see ostrich skins used, said Gerhard Olivier. With Hannes Louw, Jurgens Schoeman and the tanner Johan Wilken, he traveled abroad for the first time in search of people who could tan ostrich leather. They came across Arnold and Dianne de Jager, founders of a tannery in London, who offered to train a tanner for Klein Karoo. In 1970, the first ostrich skin tannery opened in Klein Karoo.
Ostrich leather was instantly popular in high fashion (haute couture) throughout Europe and the United States where it was used for cowboy boots. Notably, during the 1980s, demand was extremely high in the United States. During this period, apartheid and other political turmoil caused some countries, the United States included, to put pressure on South Africa in the form of trade sanctions. It was hard for ostrich leather to make it into the States, but it did. However, it came at a cost and the ostrich leather purveyors, brothers John G. Mahler and Wilfred Mahler of Dallas, TX, were the only importers of ostrich skin for many years. Just like the single channel KKLK, who had an iron grip on the exportation of the only viable ostrich skins, the Mahlers were able to control not only prices but also who got skins in the United States and how many they were allowed. Their control was so absolute that some bootmakers would be reprimanded by John if they sold his skins to other bootmakers. The entire arrangement has been compared to the DeBeers diamond cartel.
In 1993 apartheid in South Africa ended. This event, combined with the fact that several droughts in Klein Karoo severely crippled the ostrich industry, forced the South African government to open up the exportation of ostrich stock. This allowed neighboring countries and even the U.S. to import and begin raising ostriches on their own. This effectively ended the strong monopoly enjoyed by South Africa and the for so long. It also ended the Mahler’s monopoly in the United States. More suppliers began to open up in the U.S. and, with less trade restrictions, were able to supply ostrich leather at lower prices. Now there are several ostrich ranches and tanneries in the U.S., but with a 150 year head start Klein Karoo is still considered the industry leader.
General description

Tanned Ostrich Hide
Ostrich leather is unmistakable in its appearance; No other material looks similar to it. It is characterized by raised points that are localized to the center of the hide. The portion with these bumps is called the crown. It’s actually the back of the ostrich where the animal’s neck meets its body. The bumps are quill follicles where a feather used to reside. On the left and right side of the diamond shaped crown the skin is quite smooth. In fact, only about 1/3 of the whole skin has quill bumps. Since the crown is the most sought after portion and since it constitutes such a small area of the skin, “full quill” ostrich products are…(and so on)

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The Paper Bag Princess

July 2, 2009 by whyyoublog

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The Paper Bag Princess
Author
Robert Munsch
Illustrator
Michael Martchenko
Language
English
Publisher
Annick Press
Publication date
1981
Media type
print (hardback & paperback)
Pages
32
ISBN
0-920-23616-2
The Paper Bag Princess is a children’s book written by Robert Munsch and illustrated by Michael Martchenko. It was first published on 1 May 1980 by Annick Press. The book reverses the princess and dragon stereotype. As a result, it has won critical acclaim from feminists, including an endorsement from the National Organization for Women, which sells the book on its website.
The Paper Bag Princess 25th Anniversary Edition: The Story Behind the Story (2005), a full-color hardback, reveals the inspiration behind the book. It features an interview and behind-the scenes with the author, and offers a look at the book’s impact around the world.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Characters
2.1 Princess Elizabeth
2.2 Prince Ronald
2.3 Dragon
3 External links
//
Plot
Princess Elizabeth was planning on marrying Prince Ronald, who was practically perfect. Then along came a dragon, which destroyed her kingdom, kidnapped Ronald, and burned all her clothes so that she had no choice but to wear a paper bag. She tracked down and outwitted the dragon. She challenged the dragon to burn forests with fire and to fly around the world. The dragon completes the tasks but after flying around the world a second time becomes tired and falls asleep. Elizabeth then saves Ronald. He didn’t even thank her and told her to come back to rescue him when she looked more princessy. Then Elizabeth realized what a bum Ronald was, told him off, and went off to live her own life.
Characters
Princess Elizabeth
A brave, smart and resilient young woman, Elizabeth’s quest to save Ronald from the dragon shows her how unworthy Ronald is of her loyalty and affection.
Prince Ronald
Ronald is revealed to be a narcissistic and selfish prince. He has picked Elizabeth for his queen, even though he does not really love her. When the dragon attacks the castle and kidnaps him, Elizabeth sacrifices greatly to go to rescue him, but he does not appreciate the love she has shown him. Elizabeth realizes that he is a jerk and they do not get married.
Dragon
He is the typical depiction of the European dragon, with green scaly skin, an alligator belly, two small wings, and four scaly feet with eagle talons. Like all dragons of myth, he can breathe fire, which puts him at the very top of the animal food chain and makes him superior even to mankind in the medieval time period that the story is set in. His flames are extremely powerful and he seems to have an infinite supply of it. In the plot, he attacks Princess Elizabeth’s castle and kidnaps Prince Ronald.
External links
The Paper Bag Princess at RobertMunsch.com
Categories: 1980 books | Children’s picture books | Fictional princesses(and so on)

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Best Lock Corporation

July 2, 2009 by whyyoublog

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Best Lock Corporation
Type
Public
Founded
1925
Headquarters
Indianapolis,IN, USA
Key people
Frank E Best, Founder
Industry
lock manufacturer
Website
www.bestaccess.com
Best Lock Corporation is a door hardware and lock manufacturer founded in 1925 by Frank E. Best in Seattle, Washington as Best Universal Lock Company. It relocated to Indianapolis, IN in 1938 and is there currently.
It specializes in small format interchangeable core locks invented by Best himself in 1921. It became Best Lock Corporation in 1995 and on November 25th, 2002, it was acquired by Stanley Works.
It is now the Stanley Security Solutions, Best Lock Corporation d/b/a Best Access Systems.
Best’s product lines include SFIC locks and door knobs, padlocks, etc. to go with them. It’s known for only selling directly to corporate and institutional end users without going through locksmiths. Its products are typically installed into moderate to large master keyed systems.
Best SFIC locks come in many keyways since they’re usually meant for users with large master key systems.
From tens of keyways it offers, one product line known as Premium Key System is a series of key system with using keyway profiles wider than their common blanks. Best held patents on the overall shape of these keys. Ilco-Unican Corporation (now Kaba-Ilco) felt the patents were not valid and made compatible blanks and distributed them in 1993 ALOA convention.
Best sued Ilco claiming patents infringements over their design and utility patents, however Ilco counterclaimed that its patents were not valid. In August 1996, court decided that both patents were invalid on basis that its utility patent was already covered in a prior art and that keyway shape was not an ornamental concern for the users.
Its current offerings are:traditional SFICOlder Best blanks were factory incised with lettering “IT IS UNLAWFUL TO DUPLICATE THIS KEY” but their current blanks are instead stamped “DUPLICATION PROHIBITED”.
PEAKSutilizing KABA Peaks patented technology
MX8This is its newest key system with a patented side pin technology (Patent number 5,615,566 (expiration date: 2015). This key system is available in the M series that is backward compatible with pre-existing traditional SFIC locks as well as the X series that is not.
Sources
Pioneers all.
Best Access Systems private company information
Best Lock Corporation official website
References
^ http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/95opinions/95-1528.html 95-1528 Best Lock Corp. v. Ilco Unican Corp
^ http://www.bestaccess.com/index.asp?Mode=MX8 Best Official MX8 series page
Categories: Lock manufacturers
Hidden categories: All pages needing to be wikified | Wikify from August 2008(and so on)

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Canon T90

July 2, 2009 by whyyoublog

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Front view; it is a large camera. The battery tray forms a modest portrait grip.

Lens removed, showing mount, reflex mirror
The Canon T90, introduced in 1986, was the top of the line in Canon’s T series of 35mm Single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras. It was the last professional-level manual-focus camera from Canon, and the last professional camera to use the Canon FD lens mount. Although it was overtaken by the autofocus revolution and Canon’s new, incompatible EOS (Electro-Optical System) after only a year in production, the T90 pioneered many concepts seen in high-end Canon cameras up to the present day, particularly the user interface, industrial design, and the high level of automation.
The T90 gained the semi-official nickname The Tank from Japanese photojournalists because of its ruggedness. Many still rate it highly even 20 years after its introduction: camera collector and dealer Stephen Gandy states, “…the Canon T90 was years ahead of anything else on the market at that time. It is, quite simply, one of the best manual focus 35mm SLR designs of all time.” He goes on to conclude, “It gets my vote as the best Canon Design ever.” Similar sentiments can be found from many other users.
Contents
1 Design
2 Power features
3 Metering
4 Exposure
5 Flash
6 Accessories
7 Modifications
8 Use today
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
//
Design

The T-90’s LCD screen and control wheel
Previous Canon cameras had been wholly in-house design projects. For the T90, Canon brought in German industrial designer Luigi Colani in a collaboration with Canon’s own designers. The final design was a composite of Colani’s ideas and those of the Canon team, incorporating Colani’s distinctive “bio-form” curvaceous shapes. Canon considered Colani’s contribution important enough to present him with the first production T90 body, engraved with his name. Computer-aided design techniques were introduced to Canon for the T90, as well as the use of computer controlled (CNC) milling machines to make the molding dies for the shell.
Much work went into human factors engineering to create an ergonomic user interface for the camera. The form of previous cameras was largely dictated by the required locations of mechanical controls on the body, such as the film advance lever, rewind crank, shutter speed dial, shutter release, etc. On the T90, the film transport controls were no longer required, while the others were no longer mechanically linked. This gave the designers more freedom to shape the camera to make it easier to control and hold, and to place controls in a way that suited the user rather than a mechanical design.
The T90 introduced features still used on SLR cameras today. While the use of a LCD screen on the top of the camera’s right hand side was not new for the T90 – it was introduced on the T70 – the T90 refined it to show even more camera information. A control wheel located behind the shutter release and convenient for the right index finger was used to adjust most camera settings in conjunction with other buttons located for the right thumb and on the left-hand side of the camera; again, this design is still seen today.
Power features

Rear, showing film path, shutter
The T90 came with an integral motor driven film advance, focal plane shutter, mirror and aperture cocking and rewind functions. Canon broke new ground with the powered features of the camera. Previously, cameras used one powerful electric motor geared to all functions. Instead, the T90 had three coreless micromotors within the body, close to the functions they drove, for maximum mechanical advantage. One was used to wind the film, achieving a high-speed rate of 4.5 frames per second. A second prepared the shutter, mirror etc. for the next shot. A third motor powered the rewind function. All of this was driven by four AA batteries in the base of the camera.
To control the camera’s systems, the T90 used a dual CPU architecture. The main, low-power CPU ran at 32kHz while the sub-CPU ran at 1MHz, and was powered down when not needed. The main CPU handled the LCD display and overall state, while the sub-CPU handled exposure calculations, viewfinder display, and control of the camera’s motors. This architecture provided for lower power usage. Both CPUs, plus other integrated circuits and components, were mounted on several flexible circuit boards that fitted around the camera’s structure.
A coin-type lithium battery on the main circuit board retained camera settings with the AA batteries removed. This was not a user-serviceable part, and when it failed the camera had to be brought to a service center where the battery could be replaced by a Canon technician. Expected battery life was on the order of five years, although this depended on a variety of factors…(and so on)

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Device driver

June 23, 2009 by whyyoublog

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In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device.
A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware is connected. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.
Contents
1 Purpose
2 Design
3 Development
4 Kernel-mode vs User-mode
5 Device driver applications
6 Virtual device drivers
7 Open drivers
8 Driver APIs
9 Identifiers
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
//
Purpose
A device driver simplifies programming by acting as an abstraction layer between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it. The higher-level application code can be written independently of whatever specific hardware device it will ultimately control, as it can interface with it in a standard way, regardless of the underlying hardware. Every version of a device, such as a printer, requires its own hardware-specific specialized commands. In contrast, most applications utilize devices (such as sending a file to a printer) by means of high-level device-generic commands such as PRINTLN (print a line). The device-driver accepts these generic high-level commands and breaks them into a series of low-level device-specific commands as required by the device being driven. Furthermore, drivers can provide a level of security as they can run in kernel-mode, thereby protecting the operating system from applications running in user-mode.
Design
Device drivers can be abstracted into logical and physical layers. Logical layers process data for a class of devices such as ethernet ports or disk drives. Physical layers communicate with specific device instances. For example, a serial port needs to handle standard communication protocols such as XON/XOFF that are common for all serial port hardware. This would be managed by a serial port logical layer. However, the logical layer needs to communicate with a particular serial port chip. 16550 UART hardware differs from PL-011. The physical layer addresses these chip-specific variations. Conventionally, OS requests go to the logical layer first. In turn, the logical layer calls upon the physical layer to implement OS requests in terms understandable by the hardware. Inversely, when a hardware device needs to respond to the OS, it uses the physical layer to speak to the logical layer.
In Linux, device drivers can be built either as parts of the kernel or separately as loadable modules. Makedev includes a list of the devices in Linux: ttyS (terminal), lp (parallel port), hd (disk), loop (loopback disk device), sound (these include mixer, sequencer, dsp, and audio)…
The Windows .sys files and Linux .ko modules are loadable device drivers. The advantage of loadable device drivers is that they can be loaded only when necessary and then unloaded, thus saving kernel memory.
Development
Writing a device driver requires an in-depth understanding of how the hardware and the software of a given platform function. Drivers operate in a highly privileged environment and can cause disaster if they get things wrong. In contrast, most user-level software on modern operating systems can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system. Even drivers executing in user mode can crash a system if the device is erroneously programmed. These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems.
Thus drivers are usually written by software engineers who come from the companies that develop the hardware. This is because they have better information than most outsiders about the design of their hardware. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware manufacturer’s interest to guarantee that their clients can use their hardware in an optimum way. Typically, the logical device driver (LDD) is written by the operating system vendor, while the physical device driver (PDD) is implemented by the device vendor. But in recent years non-vendors have written numerous device drivers, mainly for use with free operating systems. In such cases, it is important that the hardware manufacturer provides information on how the device communicates. Although this information can instead be learned by reverse engineering, this is much more difficult with hardware than it is with software.
Microsoft has attempted to reduce system instability due to poorly written device drivers by creating a new framework for…(and so on)

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Odyssey (album)

June 23, 2009 by whyyoublog

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For the Hayley Westenra album, see Odyssey (Westenra album).
For the Symphony X album, see The Odyssey (album).
Odyssey
Studio album by Yngwie J. Malmsteen
Released
March 1988
Genre
Neo-classical metal
Length
50:37
Label
Polydor
Producer
Jeff Glixman and Yngwie Malmsteen
Professional reviews
Allmusic link
Yngwie J. Malmsteen chronology
Trilogy(1986)
Odyssey(1988)
Trial by Fire(1989)
Odyssey is an album by guitarist Yngwie J. Malmsteen released in March 1988, With Joe Lynn Turner on lead vocals, with the three instrumentals being “Bite the Bullet” – a brief intro to “Riot In the Dungeons”, “Memories” – the outro to the whole album, and “Krakatau,” a six minute piece that contains many themes Yngwie still plays in concert today. The songs are influenced by 1970s heavy metal, such as Deep Purple’s Machine Head and Rainbow’s Rising, as well as by 1980s glam metal and hard rock, as can be heard in the tracks “Hold On”, “Heaven Tonight” and “Dreaming (Tell Me)” . This was the last Yngwie studio album to feature Jens Johansson.
Track listing
#
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1.
“Rising Force”
Joe Lynn Turner, Yngwie J. Malmsteen
4:26
2.
“Hold On”
Turner, Malmsteen
5:11
3.
“Heaven Tonight”
Turner, Malmsteen
4:06
4.
“Dreaming (Tell Me)”
Turner, Malmsteen
5:19
5.
“Bite the Bullet”
Malmsteen
1:36
6.
“Riot in the Dungeons”
Turner, Malmsteen
4:22
7.
“D Vu”
Turner, Malmsteen
4:17
8.
“Crystal Ball”
Turner, Malmsteen
4:55
9.
“Now Is the Time”
Turner, Malmsteen
4:34
10.
“Faster Than the Speed of Light”
Turner, Malmsteen
4:30
11.
“Krakatau”
Malmsteen
6:08
12.
“Memories”
Malmsteen
1:14
Personnel
Yngwie J. Malmsteen: All electric and acoustic guitars, bass guitar, background vocals
Joe Lynn Turner: Vocals
Jens Johansson: Keyboards
Bob Daisley: Bass guitar on “Rising Force”, “Hold On”, “Crystal Ball” and “Now Is the Time”
Anders Johansson: Drums

v?d?eYngwie Malmsteen
Yngwie Malmsteen Tim “Ripper” Owens Derek Sherinian Bjorn Englen Patrick Johansson
Former vocalists
Jeff Scott Soto Mark Boals Joe Lynn Turner G?ran Edman Michael Vescera Mats Lev J?rn Lande Doogie White
Former bassists
Marcel Jacob Wally Voss Bob Daisley Barry Dunaway Svante Henrysson Barry Sparks Randy Coven Rudy Sarzo Dakota Bollinger Mick Cervino
Former keyboardists
Jens Johansson Mats Olausson David Rosenthal Joakim Svalberg Derek Sherinian
Former drummers
Zepp Urgard Barriemore Barlow Anders Johansson Michael Von Knorring Pete Barnacle Bo Werner Mike Terrana Shane Gaalaas Tommy Aldridge Cozy Powell Jonas Ostman John Macaluso
Studio albums and EPs
Rising Force Marching Out Trilogy Odyssey Eclipse Fire and Ice The Seventh Sign I Can’t Wait Magnum Opus Inspiration Facing the Animal Concerto Suite for Electric Guitar and Orchestra Alchemy War to End All Wars The Genesis Attack!! Unleash the Fury Perpetual Flame
Compilations & live albums
Trial by Fire The Yngwie Malmsteen Collection Double LIVE! Concerto Suite LIVE With the New Japan Philharmonic G3: Rockin’ in the Free World
DVDs
Far Beyond the Sun
Related articles
G3 Steeler Alcatrazz Yngwie Malmsteen Stratocaster Shred metal Neo-classical metal
This 1980s metal album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Yngwie J. Malmsteen albums | 1988 albums | Polydor Records albums | 1980s heavy metal album stubs(and so on)

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